U.S. Embassy & Consulates
in China

The average American, according to a recent study, spends about eight hours a day with the print and electronic media — at home, at work, and traveling by car. This total includes four hours watching television, three hours listening to radio, a half hour listening to recorded music, and another half hour reading the newspaper.

The central role of information in American society harks back to a fundamental belief held by the framers of the U.S. Constitution: that a well-informed people is the strongest guardian of its own liberties. The framers embodied that assumption in the First Amendment to the Constitution, which provides in part that “Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom of speech or of the press.” A corollary to this clause is that the press functions as a watchdog over government actions and calls attention to official misdeeds and violations of individual rights.

The U.S. media today is frequently known as the Fourth Estate, an appellation that suggests the press shares equal stature with the other branches of government created by the Constitution. The press, or “Fourth Estate” plays a vital role as a guardian of U.S. democracy. That role is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789, stipulating that Congress not enact any laws abridging freedom of the press.

U.S. media have traveled a long road since the first newspaper was published in Boston, Massachusetts in 1690. Within 50 years, magazines also began appearing in several major American cities. The advent of commercial radio at the beginning of the 20th century ended print’s monopoly of the media in America, giving nationwide and, later, global audiences unprecedented access to live audio programs. Television, an even more powerful medium, entered the scene shortly after World War II. Defying predictions of their decline, the other media have diversified to confront television’s dominant appeal. Satellite technology has allowed U.S. TV networks, especially cable networks, to reach overseas audiences anywhere on the globe. Interactive media, fueled by the advance of digital technology and the growing convergence of the computer, telephone and cable television, represent the principal trend of the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries.

Internet Links

Freedom of the Press

• Committee to Protect Journalists (an independent, nonprofit organization that promotes press freedom worldwide)
• Freedom Forum (a nonpartisan foundation dedicated to free press, free speech and free spirit for all people)
• Freedom House (a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization to advance the political and economic freedom worldwide)
• International Center for Journalists (promotes quality journalism worldwide, with a focus on training journalists to promote effective, independent news media)
• Reporters Without Borders (defends journalists imprisoned or persecuted for doing their job and fights against censorship and laws that undermine press freedom)
• The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (a nonprofit organization dedicated to providing free legal assistance to journalists since 1970)

Broadcast Media

• Federal Communications Commission
• Internet Public Library: Radio (the University of Michigan)
• Internet Public Library: Television (the University of Michigan)
• Museum of Broadcast Communications
• National Association of Broadcasters
• Radio-Television News Directors Association & Foundation

Newspapers, Magazines and News Wires & Portals

• Columbia Journalism Review
• NewsDirectory (guide to online English-language media)
• Newseum – World’s Most Interactive Museum
• Newspaper Association of America: Advancing Newspaper Media for the 21st Century
• Online Journalism Review
• Onlinenewspapers.com

Journalism Organizations

• American Press Institute (the oldest and largest center devoted solely to training and professional development for the news industry and journalism educators)
• International Center for Journalists (a non-profit, professional organization to promote quality journalism worldwide)
• Journalism.org: Project for Excellence in Journalism (a research organization that specializes in using empirical methods to evaluate and study the performance of the press)
• National Press Club Online
• The Poynter Institute (a school dedicated to teaching and inspiring journalists and media leaders)
• Society of Professional Journalists: Improving and Protecting Journalism Since 1909

Resources for Journalists

• American Press Institute – Journalist’s Toolbox
• Foreign Press Centers, U.S. Department of State (supports U.S. policies and priorities by helping resident and visiting foreign media cover the U.S.)